Airway management for obese patients

Ahmed Raza

Reviewed by Jessica Munoz DPN, RN, CEN, providing nurse training at Yale New Haven Health-Bridgeport Hospital since 2022. Previously in healthcare and education at Griffin Hospital, St. Vincent's College of Nursing and Sacred Heart University Medical Center.

Obesity and its impact on airway management

Obesity is a growing global health concern, affecting both developed and developing nations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 43% of adults aged 18 and older are overweight, and 16% are classified as obese (WHO, 2024). Obesity is closely linked to cardiovascular diseases, including dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep disorders, and is a major risk factor for developing heart failure. (Powley et al, 2021)

Obesity is typically measured using body mass index (BMI); however, BMI alone does not account for fat distribution, a critical factor in cardiovascular risk.

Respiratory physiology of an obese patient

Obesity significantly alters respiratory physiology, impacting airway management and mechanical ventilation. Anatomically, increased cervical adipose tissue results in an enlarged neck circumference, strongly associated with upper airway obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea (Parker, 2019). Soft tissue deposition in the oropharynx further narrows the airway, while increased dorsocervical fat reduces neck extension, making airway management more challenging.

Obesity leads to a reduction in lung volumes, with the most significant decreases observed in functional residual capacity (FRC) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV). Notably, the greatest rates of decline in FRC and ERV occur in individuals who are overweight or have mild obesity. For instance, at a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m², FRC and ERV are approximately 75% and 47%, respectively, of the values found in lean individuals with a BMI of 20 kg/m² (Jones, 2006). Among these, the reduction in FRC is most critical, as it predisposes patients to airway closure, increased airway resistance, atelectasis, and intrapulmonary shunting. Additionally, increased thoracic adipose tissue decreases chest wall compliance, further exacerbating respiratory difficulties, especially when the patient is in a supine position (Anozi, 2021).

Intubation in obese patients

Obese patients have a limited cardiopulmonary reserve and can experience rapid oxygen desaturation during intubation. Factors such as a short, thick neck, diabetes mellitus, and abnormal dentition contribute to difficult intubation (Parker et al., 2019). Anticipating airway difficulties, emergency personnel must optimize intubation conditions to minimize complications.

Preoxygenation strategies

Preoxygenation aims to maximize oxygen reserves by replacing nitrogen in the FRC with oxygen. Standard preoxygenation methods include:

• Face mask (FM) with 100% FiO2
• Bag-mask ventilation (BMV)
• Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV)
• High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC)

Optimal patient positioning

Proper positioning enhances both preoxygenation and intubation success. Due to their altered respiratory physiology, obese patients should be positioned:

• Semirecumbent (head of the bed elevated to 25 degrees) or upright during preoxygenation to reduce air trapping and atelectasis while improving oxygen saturation.
• Head-up or ramped position during intubation to optimize the laryngoscopic view. The patient’s sternal notch should be aligned with the external auditory meatus to ensure optimal airway access (Leiw et all, 2022).

Mechanical ventilation in obese patients

Ventilator mode

• Both volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) and pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) are utilized in clinical practice. PCV may offer advantages in alveolar recruitment due to its decelerating inspiratory flow pattern.

Respiratory rate and PEEP

• Obese patients often have reduced functional residual capacity (FRC) and are more prone to atelectasis. Applying higher positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) can help prevent airway closure and atelectasis.

Tidal volume

• To minimize the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury, it’s recommended to calculate tidal volume based on ideal body weight, typically targeting 6–8 mL/kg.

Conclusion

Obese patients present unique challenges in emergency airway management due to altered respiratory physiology, difficult intubation, and rapid oxygen desaturation. Emergency providers must adapt their approach by employing appropriate preoxygenation techniques, optimal patient positioning, and individualized mechanical ventilation strategies. By implementing these evidence-based interventions, healthcare providers can reduce morbidity and mortality in this high-risk patient population.

Citations

• Ball, L., Pelosi, P. How I ventilate an obese patient. Crit Care 23, 176 (2019). https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-019-2466-x
• Powell-Wiley, T. M., Poirier, P., Burke, L. E., Després, J. P., Gordon-Larsen, P., Lavie, C. J., Lear, S. A., Ndumele, C. E., Neeland, I. J., Sanders, P., St-Onge, M. P., & American Heart Association Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; and Stroke Council (2021). Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 143(21), e984–e1010. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973
• Anozie, O., Zahid, B., Murali, S., & Author, G. (2021, July 2). Obesity and respiratory mechanics. CriticalCareNow. https://criticalcarenow.com/obesity-and-respiratory-mechanics/
• Liew, W. J., Negar, A., & Singh, P. A. (2022). Airway management in patients suffering from morbid obesity. Saudi journal of anaesthesia, 16(3), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.sja_90_22
• Parker, B. K., Manning, S., & Winters, M. E. (2019). The Crashing Obese Patient. The western journal of emergency medicine, 20(2), 323–330. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4nd1w8r4
• Lemyze, M., et al. (2013). “Pressure-controlled vs. volume-controlled ventilation in acute respiratory failure.” Critical Care, 17(1), R21.
• Jones, R. L., & Nzekwu, M. M. (2006). The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest, 130(3), 827–833. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012369215527980
• Parker, B. K., Manning, S., & Winters, M. E. (2019, March). The crashing obese patient. The western journal of emergency medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6404698/
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2024). “Obesity and Overweight.”